Industrial cybersecurity refers to the practices, technologies and strategies used to protect industrial control systems (ICS), operational technology (OT) and critical infrastructure from cyber threats and attacks.
Key aspects of industrial cybersecurity include:
- Securing industrial networks and communication protocols
- Protecting automated systems and machinery
- Safeguarding sensitive data and intellectual property
- Preventing unauthorised access to control systems
More than 25% of cyber attacks target manufacturers, -more than any other industry. Properly protecting your business from cyber threats has never been more important. Below we explore the vulnerabilities and methods of protection that can help strengthen industrial IT security and prevent damaging cyber attacks.
Industrial IT Infrastructure
Knowing typical industrial IT infrastructures is crucial for understanding the cybersecurity challenges they face and for wider IT support for manufacturers. Modern manufacturers typically use an array of systems, networks and devices that enable industries to manage their processes:
Industrial Control Systems (ICS)
ICS are integrated hardware and software designed to monitor and control industrial processes. They manage, command, direct and regulate the behaviour of other systems and processes.
ICS are typically used in industries such as oil and gas, chemical, logistics and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The core function of these systems is to ensure safety, manage complex processes and support smooth operations in an industrial environment.
Given their critical role in managing essential infrastructure, securing ICS from cyber threats has become a vital concern. Industrial Cyber Security focuses on protecting these systems to maintain the integrity and reliability of industrial processes.
Operational Technologies (OT) and Information Technology (IT)
Operational Technologies (OT) and Information Technology (IT) are key elements that govern industrial operations. OT and IT, though distinct, are interconnected and form a critical part of the industrial IT ecosystem.
OT refers to the systems, devices and software responsible for the direct manipulation of physical devices such as valves, pumps, or conveyors.
IT refers to the use of computers and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data. IT is generally more focused on data-centric computing.
The intersection of OT and IT is an essential part of industrial cyber security. As industries increasingly rely on these systems for efficient operations, the need for securing them becomes more important.
Key Systems and Techniques Used in Industrial Cyber Security
The core components of industrial cybersecurity are crucial for safeguarding industrial systems from cyber threats. Each element has a unique role in enhancing the security of industrial systems. While each is not a standalone solution, these elements are a critical part of a multi-layered defence strategy.
Network Segmentation
Network segmentation provides a robust safeguard against potential cyber threats by isolating different parts of a network. This strategic division of a network into several segments or subnetworks, each acting as its own separate entity, reduces the attack surface by limiting how far a potential breach can spread. Consequently, it helps to maintain the overall network security integrity even if one segment is compromised.
Access Control and Authentication
Authentication verifies the identity of a user, system, or device before access is granted. It can be based on something the user knows (like a password), something the user has (like a token or smart card), or something the user has (like a fingerprint or iris pattern).
Access control is a security technique that restricts access to the system based on the user's credentials and the system's security policy. It is generally achieved through the use of usernames, passwords, access cards, biometrics, or a combination of these. This is vital to prevent unauthorised access, data breaches and potential damage to the ICS.
Patch Management
Patch management is the acquisition, testing and installation of patches on existing systems to fix security vulnerabilities, correct bugs and improve system performance.
Patch management is essential as it helps keep systems updated and protected against the latest cyber threats. Without regular patch updates, systems may be left vulnerable to attacks that can exploit unpatched vulnerabilities, leading to potential disruptions in operations, data breaches, or even physical damage to the industrial process.
Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) use anomaly-based or signature-based detection to monitor network traffic for suspicious activities and known threats.
Anomaly-based detection monitors network traffic and compares it against an established baseline to detect abnormal behaviour. Signature-based detection compares network traffic against a database of known threat signatures to identify matches.
Upon detecting an intrusion, the IDPS respond in real-time to prevent breaches from escalating into full-blown attacks. This can involve blocking the suspect network traffic, disconnecting the potentially compromised system, or alerting the security team for further action.
Common Threats to Industrial Systems
Understanding the cyber threats is a critical step in strengthening the security of industrial systems:
Malware and Ransomware
Malware and ransomware pose significant threats to the robustness and integrity of industrial systems. Malware, an umbrella term for malicious software, is designed to infiltrate and damage systems without the consent of the user. It includes viruses, worms, trojans and spyware, which can compromise system functionality, steal sensitive data and even cause system outages.
Ransomware, a specific type of malware, encrypts a victim's files and demands a ransom to restore access. In an industrial context, where systems control critical operations, this can lead to significant downtime, financial loss and even safety risks. A well-known example is the WannaCry attack, which affected numerous organisations around the globe, including factories and hospitals.
Both malware and ransomware can enter a system through various channels, such as phishing emails, malicious downloads, or exploited vulnerabilities in software. Therefore, robust cyber security measures, including regular system updates, strong firewalls and user education, are essential to protect industrial systems.
Insider Threats
Insider threats represent a significant, yet often underestimated, vulnerability within industrial systems. These threats can originate from employees, contractors, or anyone with privileged access to the system. They have the potential to cause severe damage as insiders often have detailed knowledge of the system and its vulnerabilities.
Insider threats can take on various forms, from the intentional leaking of sensitive information to the unintentional mishandling of data. Some insiders may exploit their privileges with malicious intent, sabotaging the system or stealing proprietary information. Others might unintentionally pose a risk due to lack of awareness or negligence, such as failing to follow security protocols or falling victim to phishing scams.
Internet of Things (IoT) Security Risks
The integration of IoT devices in industrial systems introduces significant security challenges. These devices often lack robust security features due to hardware limitations or cost constraints. Common issues include weak authentication, unencrypted communications and infrequent updates.
The number of IoT devices in industrial settings can make effective security management difficult. A compromised IoT device could potentially provide attackers access to the broader industrial network.
Legacy Equipment Risks
Many industrial environments rely on legacy equipment not designed for modern cybersecurity threats. These systems often run on outdated, unsupported software, lacking modern security features like encryption or the ability to implement security patches. As expertise in these systems becomes scarce, proper security maintenance becomes challenging.
Integrating legacy equipment with modern systems can create additional vulnerabilities. While replacement is often not feasible due to costs or operational disruptions, organisations must develop strategies to protect these systems. This may include implementing additional security layers and segmenting critical systems where possible.
State-Sponsored Attacks
State-sponsored attacks are cyber-attacks that are directly or indirectly supported by a nation-state with the intent to damage or disrupt another nation's infrastructure, data, or cybersecurity networks.
State-sponsored attacks are particularly alarming due to the resources, persistence and advanced techniques often employed. These attackers are typically well-funded, highly skilled and have the capacity to launch sophisticated, multi-faceted attacks.
The targets are usually high-value and strategic in nature, such as critical infrastructure facilities, including healthcare and water treatment facilities, or key industries like manufacturing, energy and transportation.
The intent behind state-sponsored attacks varies. They can be used for espionage, sabotage, or to gain a competitive advantage. For example, a state-sponsored attack might aim to steal proprietary information to boost domestic industries or disable critical infrastructure as a form of warfare.
Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
Vulnerabilities within the supply chain present another significant challenge in industrial cyber security. The supply chain, spanning from raw material providers to end users, is a complex network that, if compromised, can cause severe disruptions and financial losses.
The primary concern is that a breach anywhere in the chain can potentially expose the entire system to cyber threats. For instance, a hacker might infiltrate a minor vendor's system, using it as a springboard to gain access to key industrial control systems.
Moreover, the globalised nature of supply chains amplifies these risks. A single product might pass through multiple countries and companies, each with their own cyber security standards. This diversity can create weak points that cyber criminals can exploit.
Potential Consequences of Cyber Attacks
The repercussions of cyber attacks on industrial systems can be severe and far-reaching. Ranging from significant financial losses to the disruption of critical infrastructure, these attacks pose a considerable threat to organisations globally.
Financial Losses
The direct costs associated with a cyber attack can be substantial, often involving necessary expenses such as system repair, data recovery and the implementation of new security measures. These costs can dramatically increase depending on the scale of the attack and the length of time required to restore normal operations.
Indirect costs can also place a considerable strain on the company's financial resources. These include potential lawsuits from clients or customers, increased insurance premiums, loss of business opportunities during system downtime and damage to the company's reputation which may result in the loss of current and potential customers.
The loss of intellectual property due to a cyber attack is another major concern. Proprietary information, patented designs and trade secrets can be stolen, potentially leading to loss of competitive advantage in the market.
Disruption of Critical Infrastructure
Cyber attacks on industrial sectors can lead to severe disruption of critical infrastructure, posing a grave risk to both company operations and public safety. Critical infrastructure refers to the physical and cyber systems and assets so essential to a country that their incapacity or destruction would have an impact on public health and safety. For instance, a disruption in the power grid can cause widespread blackouts, crippling hospitals, schools and businesses.
Challenges in Implementing Industrial Cybersecurity
Implementing cybersecurity in an industrial environment is often met with unique challenges.
Legacy Systems and Outdated Technology
Legacy systems and antiquated technology present significant hurdles to the successful implementation of industrial cybersecurity. These systems, often developed and implemented decades ago, were not designed with modern cybersecurity threats in mind. Consequently, they may lack the necessary security controls, making them easier targets for cybercriminals.
Continuous Operations Requirements
Another significant hurdle in implementing industrial cybersecurity arises from the requirement for continuous operations in many industrial sectors. Industries such as manufacturing demand round-the-clock operations where downtime can lead to a loss of productivity and revenue.
Lack of Cybersecurity Awareness in Industrial Settings
The integration of IoT devices in industrial systems introduces significant security challenges. These devices often lack robust security features due to hardware limitations or cost constraints. Common issues include weak authentication, unencrypted communications and infrequent updates.
The number of IoT devices in industrial settings can make effective security management difficult. A compromised IoT device could potentially provide attackers access to the broader industrial network.
Industrial Cyber Security Regulation
Implementing cybersecurity in an industrial environment is often met with unique challenges.
Legacy Systems and Outdated Technology
Legacy systems and antiquated technology present significant hurdles to the successful implementation of industrial cybersecurity. These systems, often developed and implemented decades ago, were not designed with modern cybersecurity threats in mind. Consequently, they may lack the necessary security controls, making them easier targets for cybercriminals.
Continuous Operations Requirements
Another significant hurdle in implementing industrial cybersecurity arises from the requirement for continuous operations in many industrial sectors. Industries such as manufacturing demand round-the-clock operations where downtime can lead to a loss of productivity and revenue.
Internet of Things (IoT) Security Risks
The integration of IoT devices in industrial systems introduces significant security challenges. These devices often lack robust security features due to hardware limitations or cost constraints. Common issues include weak authentication, unencrypted communications and infrequent updates.
The number of IoT devices in industrial settings can make effective security management difficult. A compromised IoT device could potentially provide attackers access to the broader industrial network.
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